Dentistry Students' Knowledge of Pediatric Patients Who Suffered Violence: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT Objective: To review the literature unprecedentedly to identify the dentistry students' knowledge of pediatric patients who suffered violence. Material and Methods: A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, LILACS, SciELO, Google Scholar, and OpenGrey electronic databases up to November 2021. The "Grey Literature" was verified through Google Scholar and Open Grey searches to avoid any selection bias. There was no restriction on the date of publication or language. Results: The systematic search yielded 2.756 studies in the first selection phase, but only twenty-two articles were included. All selected articles were published between 1998 and 2021 and used a questionnaire to evaluate the dentistry students' knowledge regarding child maltreatment cases. Brazil was the country that had the most studies included (10 articles). Despite the majority of the students presenting insufficient knowledge about child maltreatment, evidence from this research showed that every form of approach by professionals toward child maltreatment should be considered important. Conclusion: Therefore, there are deficiencies regarding the teaching-learning methodology, reinforcing the need for improvements in Dentistry undergraduate curricula.

Physical violence in children and adolescents: a retrospective study of injuries to the head and neck region

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of physical violence and head and neck injuries among children and adolescents who suffered physical aggression, firearm aggression, and white gun aggression referred to the Legal Medical Department in a southern city in Brazil. Methods: This study was performed at Legal Medical Department in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil, from January 2011 to December of 2015. Data were collected from medical reports of children and adolescents (0-19 years old). Demographic information such as sex, age, and skin color was collected. Data were submitted to Chi-square test and multivariate Poisson regression analysis. Results: In this study, 2,716 physical examination reports were analyzed, with a total of 2,171 exams resulting from violence; lesions that had physical aggression as their etiology (1,951) had a higher prevalence. The analysis of the exams revealed that the majority were adolescents (90,05%), white (84.09%), and female (50.21%). The head and neck regions were affected in most cases of violence (57.90%). In the adjusted model, the occurrence of injuries in the head and neck region was higher in males (PR 1.16, CI 95% 1.08 - 1.25), among adolescents (PR 1.28, CI 95% 1.10 - 1.48) and in victims of physical aggression compared to victims of the firearm (2.81, CI 95% 1.79 - 4.40). Conclusion: The results revealed a high prevalence of head and face injuries in victims of violence and that there was a greater prevalence of physical violence among adolescents compared to children and males

Biological and mechanical characterization of commercial and experimental periodontal surgical dressings.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and mechanical properties of two commercially available and one experimental periodontal dressing materials. The cytotoxicity of Periobond ® , Barricaid ® and one experimental periodontal dressing based on Exothane ® 8 monomer was tested on 3T3/NIH mouse fibroblast. Genotoxicity was assessed by micronuclei formation, and cell alterations were analyzed using light microscopy. Both biological assays were performed using the eluate obtained from specimens after 24, 72, or 168 hours of incubation. Mechanical characterization was assessed through the ultimate tensile strength and the water sorption and solubility tests. The significance level of α = 0.05 was used for all statistical analyses. All the materials promoted a cell viability lower than 60% in all evaluated times. In general, the cell viability was significantly reduced after 72 and 168h of specimens' incubation. Considering the factor material, there were not statistical differences in the cell viability (p = 0.156). The genotoxicity was not statistically significant among the groups in the different periods of time (p > 0.05). Differences in the ultimate tensile strength values were not statistically significant different among the groups (p = 0.125). Periobond ® showed the higher water sorption values (p < 0.001). Regarding solubility, there were no statistical differences between the groups (p = 0.098). All the periodontal dressing materials evaluated in this study exerted a cytotoxic effect against mouse fibroblasts, and their toxicity became more evident over time. Among the materials evaluated, the experimental light-cure type has shown overall similar properties to the commercial references.

Biological and mechanical characterization of commercial and experimental periodontal surgical dressings

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and mechanical properties of two commercially available and one experimental periodontal dressing materials. The cytotoxicity of Periobond ® , Barricaid ® and one experimental periodontal dressing based on Exothane ® 8 monomer was tested on 3T3/NIH mouse fibroblast. Genotoxicity was assessed by micronuclei formation, and cell alterations were analyzed using light microscopy. Both biological assays were performed using the eluate obtained from specimens after 24, 72, or 168 hours of incubation. Mechanical characterization was assessed through the ultimate tensile strength and the water sorption and solubility tests. The significance level of α = 0.05 was used for all statistical analyses. All the materials promoted a cell viability lower than 60% in all evaluated times. In general, the cell viability was significantly reduced after 72 and 168h of specimens' incubation. Considering the factor material, there were not statistical differences in the cell viability (p = 0.156). The genotoxicity was not statistically significant among the groups in the different periods of time (p > 0.05). Differences in the ultimate tensile strength values were not statistically significant different among the groups (p = 0.125). Periobond ® showed the higher water sorption values (p < 0.001). Regarding solubility, there were no statistical differences between the groups (p = 0.098). All the periodontal dressing materials evaluated in this study exerted a cytotoxic effect against mouse fibroblasts, and their toxicity became more evident over time. Among the materials evaluated, the experimental light-cure type has shown overall similar properties to the commercial references.

Odontologia Legal e Forense na formação de estudantes de Odontologia: relato de experiência de projeto de ensino multidisciplinar / Legal and Forensic Dentistry in the formation of dental students: an experience report of a multidisciplinary learning project

Este artigo objetivourelataraexperiência de um projeto de ensino multidisciplinar deOdontologia Legal e Ciências Forenses,voltado aosestudantes universitários e à comunidade acadêmica em geral. O projeto,por meio de encontros quinzenais comminicursos, grupo de estudos de livros didáticoseartigos científicos, além de outras atividades, estimuloua discussão e o aprendizado dessasáreas temáticas que estão cada vez mais em foco.Com fins didáticos,foi montada uma sequência deassuntos de Odontologia Legal e Ciências Forenses, possibilitando aos estudantes a experiência da perícia criminal, a partir docontato com ensaios simples,cujos conceitos jurídicos e forenses envolvidos estão presentes no currículo vivenciado emdiferentes cursos universitários.As palestras realizadas quinzenalmentepossibilitaram ao público (graduandos e professores)a troca de conhecimento sobre asdiferentesáreas que abrangiam o projeto. Os assuntos abordados nas palestras foram especialmente importantes nas áreas que englobam as Ciências Forenses, principalmente a Química Forense e a Odontologia. O projeto de ensino intitulado: "Odontologia Legal e Forense"pode exercerum papel fundamental na formação acadêmica,tanto de futuros cirurgiões-dentistas quanto defuturos peritos, possibilitando vasto conhecimento em diferentes áreas das Ciências Forenses (AU).

It is the purpose of this paper to report the experience of a multidisciplinary teaching project of Legal Dentistry and Forensic Sciences, aimed at university students and the academic community in general. The project, through biweekly meetings with short courses, a group of textbook studies and scientific articles as well as other activities, stimulated the discussion and learning of these thematic areas that are increasingly in focus. For didactic purposes, a sequence of subjects of Legal Dentistry and Forensic Sciences was set up, allowing students to experience criminal expertise, through contact with simple essays, whose legal and forensic concepts involved are present in the curriculum experienced in different university courses. The biweekly lectures enabled the public (undergraduates and teachers) to exchange knowledge about the different areas that comprise the project. The subjects covered in the lectures are especially important in the areas that encompass Forensic Sciences, especially Forensic Chemistry and Dentistry. The teaching project entitled "Legal and Forensic Dentistry" can play a fundamental role in the academic formation, both for future dental surgeons and future experts, enabling vast knowledge in different areas of Forensic Sciences (AU).

New fluorescence and reflectance analyses to aid dental material detection in human identification.

INTRODUCTION: The identification of aesthetic dental materials during clinical dental examination can be challenging especially as patients and dental manufacturers place great emphasis on filling materials being as close as possible in appearance to the natural tooth. This makes dental identification in a forensic setting even more complicated. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a simple method using photographic analyses to determine differences in fluorescence and reflectance between brands and shades. METHOD: Three discs of 95 shades of resin composites (n = 285) were produced. Photographs were taken using a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera attached to a dark box illuminated by an ultraviolet (UV) flashlight (wavelength 385 ± 10 nm) in a standardised manner. Images were analysed using an image software. The lightness (L) component according to the CIELAB was recorded. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the mean lightness of the different samples followed by Dunn's test for multiple comparisons. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: L values ranged from 238.81 to 49.74. Fluorescence and reflectance were categorized according to crescent L values into 5 categories and organized into a Fluorescence and Reflectance Scale. Overall, dentin shades showed similar L values when compared to the same enamel shade from the same manufacturer. Comparison of L values for shades A1E and A3.5E demonstrated that darker shades had lower L values. CONCLUSIONS: UV light allowed the recording of the Lightness component of CIELAB of a composite with little variation between images. The Fluorescence and Reflectance Scale allows the examiner to identify a specific brand or restrict the possibilities down to two brands. This information could help in cases of identification especially when ante-mortem data is limited.

Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Maxillofacial Injuries in Brazil, a 5-year Retrospective Study.

AIM: The etiology and epidemiology of maxillofacial injuries varies widely in different regions of the world due to socioeconomic status, cultural aspects in addition to road traffic and drug consumption. The aim of this study is to determine major causes and epidemiological characteristics of maxillofacial trauma in a 5-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Reports of corporal trauma (n = 25,632) from 2007 to 2011 in the Department of Forensic Medicine were analyzed as to the presence of maxillofacial injuries. Data were submitted to Chi square test and to multivariate Poisson regression. RESULTS: 3262 reports referred maxillofacial trauma. The majority were men (55.8%), single (68.9%), most of them white (75.7%). The average age was 28.9 years (SD = 8.42), and victims with age between 16 and 30 years old were the most affected (48.0%). Women comprised 44% of total sample, 67.8% (971) were single, 76% (1.076) white and 46% (691) aged between 16 and 30 years old. Middle third injuries were associated after adjustment with females (PR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.11), non-white subjects (PR 1.06; 95% CI 1.01-1.12) and physical aggression (PR 1.07; 95% CI 1.02-1.13). Injuries in the oral region was more prevalent in men (PR 1.24; 95% CI 1.09-1.41), in those aged between 16 and 30 (PR 1.97; 95% CI 1.48-2.61) and in subjects with injuries caused by traffic accident (PR 1.21; 95% CI 1.02-1.44). The presence of injuries in the lower third of face remained associated in the final model only with traffic accident (PR 1.75; 95% CI 1.43-2.15). CONCLUSION: Health care practitioners must recognize vulnerable population and most prevalent sites of lesion to identify cases of violence.

Importance of dental records and panoramic radiograph in human identification: a case report / Importância dos registros odontológicos e de radiografia panorâmica na identificação humana: um relato de caso

Forensic dentistry is important in human identification because it analyses individual characteristics present in the teeth of each individual based on comparison. The aim of this work is to highlight the importance of the correct documentation made by the dentist and to present a case solution using panoramic x-ray. To carry out the report, dental charts and panoramic radiography were used for comparison with dental examination of a female body remains. The wrong notation of charts, made by the dentist, almost leaded to an exclusion identification. Due to panoramic x-ray made nine years before the death, a positive identification could be made. That fact emphasized the importance of attention when charts are being filled out.

A odontologia forense é importante na identificação humana porque analisa características individuais presentes nos dentes de cada indivíduo com base na comparação. O objetivo deste trabalho é destacar a importância da documentação correta feita pelo dentista e apresentar uma solução de caso usando radiografia panorâmica. Para realizar o relatório, foram utilizados gráficos dentais e radiografia panorâmica para comparação com o exame dental nos restos de um corpo feminino. A notação errada do prontuário, feita pelo dentista, quase levou a uma identificação de exclusão. Devido à radiografia panorâmica feita nove anos antes da morte, uma identificação positiva pode ser feita. Esse fato enfatizou a importância da atenção quando o prontuário está sendo preenchido.

Non-white people have a greater risk for maxillofacial trauma: findings from a 24-month retrospective study in Brazil

AIM: To identify the predominant causes and types of maxillofacial trauma in Brazil. METHODS: Reports of corporal trauma (7,536) between 2009-2010 in the Brazilian Institute of Forensic Medicine were analyzed as to the presence of maxillofacial traumas. Victims' demographic and trauma characteristics were recorded. RESULTS: Data were submitted to chi-square test and to multivariate Poisson regression. 778 reports referred maxillofacial trauma. Most victims were men (50.8%) around 27.6 years. Main causes were physical aggression (88.1%) and traffic accidents (6.7%). The most affected extraoral area was the middle third (60.7%). Risk for trauma in the middle third was significantly higher among patients aged 61-75 (RR 1.32), and non-white patients (black-skinned RR 1.21; brown-skinned RR 1.18); while falls were associated with trauma in the lower third (RR1.79). CONCLUSIONS: Violence was the main cause of maxillofacial trauma. Prevention of interpersonal violence may be a key element to prevent maxillofacial trauma.

Estudo retrospectivo de biópsias em língua: aspectos epidemiológicos / Retrospective study in tongue biopsies: epidemiologic aspects

A cavidade bucal é acometida por diversas enfermidades,muitas das quais ocorrem na língua. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar os aspectos clínico-eoidemiológicos de lesões biopsiadas em língua e identificar suas caracterídticas mais prevalentes. Dos 17.611 laudos histopatológicos do Centro de Diagnóstico das Doenças da Boca da Faculdade de Odontologia da UFPEL foram selecionadas 806 fichas referentes ao tatal de biópsias realizadas em língua , das quais 50,5 por cento em pacientes do gênero feminino e 49,3 por cento do masculino. As lesões reativas, dando destaque ao fibroma, foram as enfermidades mais comuns (27,4 por cento), seguidas pelas lesões epiteliais malígnas, na quase totalidade representadas pelo carcinoma espinocelular (22,7 por cento). As lesões fundamentais de nódulo (43,4 por cento) e úlcera (21,3 por cento), com tamanho de até 5mm (34,7 por cento) e com evolução de um a cinco anos (18,2 por cento), mostraram-se as mais prevalentes. A faixa etária mais acometida foi a sexta década de vida (21 por cento). Os diagnósticos clínicos registrados nas fichas de biópsias foram concordantes em relação ao diagnóstico histopatológico em 57,72 por cento dos casos. Em relação ao carcinoma espinocelular, a maior prevalência foi observada em indivíduos do gênero masculino e na sexta década de vida. Este estudo busca contribuir para traçar um perfil das lesões da língua e, sobretudo, instrumentalizar o cirurgião-dentista quanto ao seu conhecimento de estomatologia, visando aprimorar estratégias de promoção e prevenção em saúde